The consortium has also developed a "protective encapsulation" that keeps solar cells stable for over 2,000 hours under damp-heat conditions, which is notable as other industry leading technologies, such as tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon), have been shown to suffer "significant degradation" in damp heat testing.
Improving cells' performances in such environments will improve power generation for solar projects in these environments, and make investment decisions in solar projects in these countries more attractive.
VTT and TNO have also developed a roll-to-roll (R2R) production process involving flexible minimodules, covering an area of 36cm and with a conversion efficiency of 4.5%.
The R2R process, which involves the production of rolls of modules constantly to enhance throughput and reduce production costs, could be a means to expand production to a commercial scale, which is the next significant milestone for the perovskite sector, and where much of the recent innovation has focused.
Earlier this month, researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Freiburg University and the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) found that the passivation of perovskite cells is possible in combination with industry-standard silicon cells, which they described as "a solid foundation" for future research.
"These achievements bring us firmly within reach of our 25% target -- paving the way to low-cost, high-performance solar modules for applications from building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) to the Internet of Things," said Dr Riikka Suhonen, PEARL project coordinator at VTT.
The news comes as the PEARL Consortium reaches the halfway stage of its three-year programme. Funded by the EU's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme, with support from UK Research and Innovation and the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation, the programme aims to produce low-cost flexible perovskite solar cells with carbon electrodes, with a conversion efficiency of 25%, by October 2026.
The researchers expect to "further optimise" its R2R manufacturing process over the next 18 months, test larger modules for outdoor use, publish results on its product life cycle assessment and develop "pilot-scale production protocols" to inform scaled-up operations. The consortium aims to bring flexible solar cells to market for the BIPV and internet of things sectors in particular.